The temperature in the photosphere varies between about 6500 K at the bottom and 4000 kelvin at the top (11,0☏, 62☌). ![]() It reaches from the surface visible at the centre of the solar disk to about 250 miles (400 km) above that. ![]() Photosphere - The deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly. The outer layers of the Sun are the Photosphere, the Chromosphere, the Transition Region and the Corona. They show a region 51,000 miles (82,500 kilometers) across at a resolution of 11 miles (18km). In some of the images, astronomers have overlaid the Earth for scale. These images of the chromosphere – which extends for about 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) above the visible surface of the sun – were taken on June 3 this year. 'Its insights will transform how our nation, and the planet, predict and prepare for events like solar storms.' 'NSF's Inouye Solar Telescope is the world's most powerful solar telescope that will forever change the way we explore and understand our sun,' said NSF Director, Sethuraman Panchanathan. It started construction in 2013 and is said to have cost around $344 million (£300 million). National Solar Observatory (NSO) released the images this week in celebration of the recent inauguration of the telescope, which is funded by National Science Foundation (NSF). ![]() Inouye Solar Telescope, the world's most powerful solar telescope on the island of Maui, Hawaii. National Solar Observatory's new images were taken by the Daniel K. Analysis of the data indicates that the density of electrons in the portion of the corona probed by the radio experienced a substantial increase as material from the CME moved across the path of the radio signals, as shown in the graph.Also seen are golden cell-like structures – each about the size of Texas – packed together like a honeycomb, which are the signature of violent motions that transport heat from inside the sun to its surface. On this day, a CME occurred the CME shock front first crossed the line of sight to Mars around 14:35 UT, causing a sudden increase in the noise pattern of the radio signal that lasted for several hours. The measurements shown in the graph were taken on 3 September 2004, from 14:05 to 17:42 UT, using the Mars Radio Science (MaRS) instrument on board ESA's Mars Express spacecraft. Electrons in the coronal plasma interact with the radio signals, causing a frequency shift that can be measured on Earth and analysed to infer the electron density in the corona. In this configuration, or more precisely just before and after it, radio signals sent out by the spacecraft pass through the solar corona – the hot outer atmosphere of the Sun, which consists of turbulent plasma at temperatures of millions of degrees – as they travel towards Earth. ![]() This technique can be employed when a spacecraft is located at superior solar conjunction – meaning that Earth, Sun and the spacecraft lie on the same line, with the spacecraft located on the opposite side of the Sun with respect to our planet. The measurements are based on radio sounding of the solar corona, a technique that exploits radio transmissions from planetary missions to probe the corona of the Sun. CMEs are gigantic eruptions that release enormous amounts of matter and energy from the Sun through the corona and into space. This graph shows how the density of electrons in the solar corona – the hot outer atmosphere of the Sun, which consists of turbulent plasma at temperatures of millions of degrees – varies during a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME). Density of electrons in the Sun's corona during a coronal mass ejectionĭepicts: Electron density in the Sun's corona during a CMEĬopyright: Image courtesy of Martin Pätzold, Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Abt.
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